Italian clinical research has led the world in "Frailty-Adjusted Dosing." In 2026, doctors use a Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI) to tailor the anticoagulant dose specifically for patients over the age of 80.

Rather than just looking at weight or age, the MPI considers cognitive health, mobility, and social support. This prevents the "under-dosing" of elderly patients (which leaves them at risk of stroke) and "over-dosing" (which increases bleeding risk). This personalized approach is a hallmark of the Italian "Silver Economy" healthcare strategy.